Alternative Dispute Resolution in India: The Role and Relevance of Lok Adalats

Ms. Sukhpreet Kaur & Dr. Navpreet Kaur
DOI:

Abstract

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has emerged as a cornerstone of India’s justice delivery system, addressing the persistent challenges of backlog, procedural delays, and inaccessibility within the formal courts. Among the various ADR mechanisms, Lok Adalats (People’s Courts), established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, have acquired a distinctive place due to their emphasis on conciliation, compromise, and participatory justice. The institution of Lok Adalats reflects the constitutional mandate under Articles 39A and 14 to promote equal access to justice and ensure fairness in dispute resolution. This paper examines the role and relevance of Lok Adalats in contemporary India, focusing on their contribution to expeditious and cost-effective settlement of disputes, particularly for marginalized sections of society. It examines the functioning of Lok Adalats at various levels—national, state, district, and taluka—while evaluating their effectiveness in addressing civil, matrimonial, and compoundable criminal matters. The study highlights both the strengths of Lok Adalats, such as their informality, reduced costs, and amicable settlements, as well as their limitations, including concerns regarding enforceability, lack of awareness, and instances of coercive compromises. By drawing on statutory provisions, judicial pronouncements, and empirical insights, the paper underscores the significance of Lok Adalats in advancing the goals of social justice, while suggesting reforms to enhance their credibility, transparency, and efficiency. Ultimately, Lok Adalats exemplify a uniquely Indian model of ADR that balances tradition with modern legal frameworks, thereby reinforcing the constitutional vision of accessible and inclusive justice.

Keywords

Alternative Dispute Resolution, Lok Adalat, Access to Justice, Legal Services Authorities Act, Social Justice